نشریه علوم درمانگاهی دامپزشکی ایران
سال سوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 5، پاییز و زمستان 1388)

Hypodermosis is myiasis of Hypoderma fly. Cattle and goats are specific hosts of this fly. The survey carried out in Isfahan abattoir for determining the rate of infestation and affection with consideration of age and sex in cattle and goats. For this purpose، in Cattle، the outer surface of skin، the inner surface of skin، esophageal submucosa and spinal canal and in goat، the outer surface of carcass and the inner surface of skin were examined for larvae of hypoderma. In this survey، 294 of cattle were examined and only one animal showed infestation with Hypoderma bovis L1، which observed in the spinal canal، in February and it was from Fereydonshahr area. Another one affected with Hypoderma lineatum L3 observed in June، which was from Zarrinshahr area. The time of the fly activity in Fereydonshahr and Zarrinshahr was determined early and late in summer respectively. In this survey، no Hypderma larvae observed in esophagus of examined animals. In cattle، with respect to the time of the fly activity، in two mentioned areas، the best time for using systemic larvicides to control of infestation is estimated in early and middle of autumn for Fereydonshahr and Zarrinshahr areas respectively. From 294 examined goats، 151 (51. 3%) cases were affected. In three seasons، summer، autumn and winter، 39 39. 7%)، 106 (63. 8%) and 6 (60%) affected goats were observed respectively. In goats، the minimum of affection (35. 4%) was observed in September and the maximum of affection (71. 1%) was observed in December. Statistically، there was a significant relationship (p<0. 05) between the increase of age and affection rate in goats. In terms of observing the larvae under skin of goats in Shahreza and Fereydonshahr areas، the best time for using of systemic larvicides at these areas is determined in late summer and early of spring respectively.

Fascioliasis caused by Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica is a world wide disease in distribution with a considerable economic and public health importance. When the adult alive parasites are available in the laboratory، the physiology and biochemistry of parasite can be investigated independently of interference by host related factors، excretory- secretory products of parasite can be collected for immunological studies and evaluation of new anthemintic drugs can be performed. Several attempts have been made to keep Fasciola alive outside the body of it''s host. In this study the maintenance of parasite in the bile medium is investigated. Adult lived worms were collected from the bile ducts of slaughtered sheep and cattle and transported to the parasitology laboratory. The needed bile was collected from the gall bladders of newly slaughtered animals. After washing in normal saline، the lived worms were maintained at 30oC and 3 oC in different types of bile medium. When the collected worms from cattle were cultivated in bovine bile، the best result was obtained in 37oC، when the medium was containing diluted bile، antibiotic and Natrium azide. The mean survival time of worms was 52 hours. When the collected worms from sheep were cultivated in ovine bile، the best result was obtained in 30oC، when the medium was containing diluted bile، antibiotic and liver extract. The mean survival time of worms was 59. 25 hours. While the parasite survive in bile ducts of its hosts for long time، in vitro maintenance of the worms in bile medium is not easy. Bacterial and fungal contamination، decomposition of bile، toxic waste products of parasite، starvation of worms، unsuitable temperature، osmotic pressure، pH، pO2 and pCo2 are probable causes for short survival time of Fasciola in the bile medium.

Yolk sac infection is a major cause of mortality of broiler chickens during the first week post-hatching. It may cause 100% mortality but the mortality rate is usually between 5% and 10%. In this research 500 samples (from 50 farms) were randomly taken from culled chicks during the 6 month period. The results showed that 93/88% from isolated bacteria were E. coli، 34. 69% were Staphylococcus، 16. 33% were Salmonella، 10. 20% were Entrobacter، 6. 12% were Clostridium and 4. 08% were Proteus. Escherichia coli was the most common bacterium recovered from samples. Fecal contamination of eggs is considered to be the most important source of infection. So، fumigating or disinfecting of eggs within 2 hours after they are laid could reduce contamination rate.

Salmonellosis is a zoonotic disease and is produced by Salmonella spp.. The signs of the disease in animals are abortion، gatsroenteritis and diarrhea. The aim of this study was to determine the serological prevalence of salmonellosis in camels of Najafabad by S. typhimurium، S. paratyphi A، C and S. enteritidis D in Camelus dromedarius in Najafabad slaughter house. To do this، 384 blood samples were collected and were tested to detect anti-Salmonella groups A، B، C and D antibodies. Serological examinations by agar gel immunodiffugen test showed only three positive samples. Two samples were positive for group B salmonella (aged 1-2 years) and one sample was positive for group C (aged 5-7 years). It could be concluded that camels might be a risk factor for spreading of salmonella in this area but it is not so serious. However it should be considered in further investigations and public health programs. Finally، it is worth mentioning that because there is no strict surveillance in our eastern borders، the hazard will be serious in future، as well.

Propofol as an anesthetic drug is well known in human and veterinary medicine that has specific anesthetic effects. But there is no report about the anesthesia in grass carp and its side effects on blood parameter of fish. For this purpose، 120 Grass carp with average weight between 150-420 g were chosen. Fishes were divided randomly into 12 groups of 10 fish each. Two groups were considered as control. The other 10 groups were anesthetized with bath and I. V. injection methods by propofol in different concentrations (2، 4، 6، 8 and 10 mg/l) and doses (2، 4، 6، 8 and 10 mg/kg). At the time of anesthesia and 4 days after recovery blood parameters were measured for all groups. Blood samples were taken from the caudal vein and total erythrocyte and leukocyte count، hemoglobin (Hb.)، hematocrit (PCV)، mean corpuscular volume (MCV)، mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)، mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were measured for all groups. The data were analyzed by one way analysis of variance by SPSS 11. 5 software. According to result، at the time of anesthesia with propofol in bath method، the mean of hematocrit and erythrocyte count were significantly higher than the control group. Also in 4 days after anesthesia، mean leukocyte count in 4، 6 and 8 mg/l was significantly higher than control group. In injection group at the time of anesthesia with propofol، the mean of hematocrit and erythrocyte count were significantly higher than control group. At the time of anesthesia the mean of MCHC was significantly lower than the control group، also in 4 days after anesthesia with propofol، the mean of hemoglobin and MCHC were significantly lower than control group.

Many different chemicals are used to prevent inflammation، including glucocorticosteroides، NSAIDs، leukotriens antagonists، etc. However، these drugs have a large number of side effects such as gastric ulcers، significant changes in blood profiles and kidney disorders. So attempts to find new drugs with minimum side effects continue. Clove oil is currently used as an anaesthetic in fish industry and as a local antigermal agent by dentists. In the present study، the use of clove oil as an anti inflammatory agent has been investigated. For this purpose، 10 male dogs with weight between 20-25 kg and age between 9-15 months were divided into two groups، randomly. Xylazine and ketamine were used as anesthetics. After induction of anesthesia a 5 cm incision was made in the abdominal wall، muscle and peritoneum. Then peritoneum، muscle and skin were sutured. The first group received 25 mg/kg IV clove oil for 5 days، while the second group received the same volume of normal saline. The results showed that clove oil reduced inflammatory factors after surgery. This agent can also prevent the changes of blood profile. Histopathological studies showed that in treatment group there are less inflammatory cells in the site of surgery compared to control group. The results from present study suggest that clove oil can be useful as an anti-inflammatory agent in dog.

Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite of human، domestic animals and other vertebrates belongs to phylum apicomplexa. In the present study، fecal samples were collected fresh، directly from the rectum of 98 stray dogs in Kerman city. Cryptosporidium oocysts were concentrated by using the formalin ether sedimentation method followed by the modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique. Of 98 stray dogs، Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected from feces of 4 dogs (4. 08%). Of the total collected samples، 53 (54. 09%) samples were belonged to female and 45 45. 91%) samples were belonged to male stray dogs، that observed infection rate of Cryptosporidium among female stray dogs was 2 (3. 77%) and among male stray dogs was 2 (4. 44%). No statistically significant differences in prevalence occurred between female and male stray dogs (P 0/05). Of the total collected samples، 18 (18. 36%) samples were belonged to dogs younger than one year and 80 (81. 63%) were belonged to older dogs. Infection rate of Cryptosporidium among dogs younger than one year was 2 (11. 11%) and among older dogs was 2 (2. 5%). Statistically significant differences in prevalence occurred between dogs younger than one year and older dogs (P<0/05). This protozoan parasite is an important zoonotic disease. So stray dogs in Kerman can infect the human food and water sources.

Canine distemper is a highly contagious viral disease that involves multi-systemic of dogs. This study was performed to determine the prevalence of Canine Distemper virus (CDV) in referred diarrheic dogs to Veterinary Hospital of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz، in Khuzestan province، Iran. Fecal samples were collected from 78 diarrheic dogs between 2005 and 2007. The studied dogs were divided into two age groups (< 6 months and > 6 months)، four different breeds (Terriers، Germanshepherds، Doberman pinschers and hybrids) and based on clinical signs into two groups (hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic diarrhea). Prevalence to CDV antigens in these dogs was 8. 97% (7 of 78) using immunochromatography assay (IC) indicating that this virus is endemic in this area. The infection had more prevalence in dogs less than 6 months (9. 75%; 4 of 41) and in breeds of German shepherd (15. 8%; 3 of 19) and hybrids (10. 53%; 2 of 19)، but there were no significant differences between different age and breed groups. Nevertheless، infection was significantly higher in hemorrhagic diarrheic dogs (20. 7%; 6 of 29) (p<0. 05). CBC in most of dogs that affected to canine distemper virus infection was as lymphopenia and neutropenia (71. 43%; 5 of 7). Only one dog had vaccination history against distemper virus. This study showed that hemorrhagic diarrhea and lack of vaccination were as an important sign and risk factor for canine distemper infections in dogs.

The aim of this study was to examine the lesions of thyroid gland in apparently healthy ruminants. For the first time disease of thyroid gland have been recorded in all kinds of animals. A total of 360 pairs (90 each from sheep and goat and 180 from cow) of thyroid which showed various macroscopic abnormalities were collected for detailed examination. The samples were fixed in 10% formalin salin، the tissue were processed through routine method for paraffin embedding. Sections cut at 5-7 μm were stained by hematoxylin and eosin method. The pathologic conditions observed in thyroid glands of these animals included of simple colloid goiter: goat 12 (13. 3%) cow 21 (11. 66%) sheep 14 (15. 5%). Hyperplastic goiter: goat 43 (47. 7%) sheep 30 (33. 3%). parenchymal cysts: goat 3 (3. 33%) cow 22 12. 2%)sheep 8 (8. 9%). Ultimobranchial nodules: goat 7 (7. 7%) sheep 16 (17. 8%) Follicularatrophy: goat 10 (11. 1%) cow 11 (6. 66%) sheep 5 (5. 5%). Inflammatory and degenerative lesions: goat 4 (4. 4%) cow 12 (6. 6%) sheep 2 (2. 2%). Without lesion: goat 11 (12. 2%) cow 114 (63%) sheep 15 (16. 6%). Finding of a high number lesions in these animals is interesting، since there is paucity of report in these domestic animals. This needs further investigation to elucidate our result.